From Substitution to Scaffolding: Breaking the Self-Reinforcing Harm Cycle of AI in Education (and Beyond)

Artificial intelligence is being adopted in educational settings faster than its consequences are understood. We argue that the central risk is misalignment: AI that eliminates human effort erodes the very capacities education is meant to build. We organize this risk into an integrative framework of four interrelated dimensions -cognition, agency, emotional well-being, and ethics- linked by a self-reinforcing cycle where cognitive offloading reduces effort, weakens agency, and compounds emotional and ethical harm. We ground the framework in the perspective of a small cohort of students: an exploratory analysis of 49 International Baccalaureate argumentative essays about the impact of AI reveals that learners perceive these risks, with 80% of essays reporting that AI reliance reduces thinking. At the same time, the essays articulate a consistent vision of the AI the students want: systems that support rather than replace learning by withholding immediate answers, prompting recall, and encouraging reflection through questions instead of solutions. These desiderata closely align with established principles from the learning sciences. Building on these insights, we propose a single design principle, scaffold, do not substitute. We argue that this principle extends beyond education. It represents a broader challenge for the AI ecosystem: any system that mediates human thinking can either weaken human capabilities through substitution or strengthen them through scaffolding. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for developing AI systems that foster enduring human capacity, an imperative not only for learners but, ultimately, for democratic societies.